You may see the following abbreviations used in this text. Their meanings are as follows:

• • • adj. – adjective
    • C.A. – Central America
    • coll. – colloquial
    • def. art. – definite article
    • dem. adj. – demonstrative adjective
    • d.o. – direct object
    • esp. – especially
    • f. – feminine
    • fam. – familiar (informal)
    • fig. – figurative
    • form. – formal
    • gram. – grammar term
    • ind. art. – indefinite article
    • inf. – infinitive
    • i.o. – indirect object
    • lang. – language
    • lit. – literary, literature
    • m. – masculine
    • neut. – neuter
    • n. – noun
    • pl. – plural
    • p.p. – past participle
    • poss. adj. – possessive adjective
    • prep. – preposition
    • prep. obj. pron. – prepositional object pronoun
    • pron. – pronoun
    • refl. pron. – reflexive pronoun
    • s. – singular
    • L.A. – Latin America
    • Sp. – Spain
    • sub. pron. – subject pronoun
    • v. – verb